Negative Impact Of Climate Change Research Articles

Practical Analysis of Stock Market Under ESG

In today's era, climate change brought about by the greenhouse effect is gradually bringing more and more economic losses and natural disasters. In order to mitigate the negative impact of climate change, many countries have jointly formulated a 1.5°C climate scenario, which has brought a lot of impact on the global economy and industry development (Henderson et al., 2020). At the same time, my client commissioned me to build a portfolio that complies with the 1.5°C climate scenario, and the shares must be included in the S&P 500 Net Zero 2050 Climate Transition ESG Index as of 30/09/2022. The total portfolio is $100,000, and the benchmark designates the S&P 500 Net Zero 2050 Climate Transition ESG Index. Because the investment horizon is short and only six weeks, I chose semi-active management in my portfolio management process, and the rebalancing method was selected as percentage rebalancing. Finally, based on macro and industry analysis and relative valuation and technical analysis of the corresponding stocks, I selected ten stocks: Starbucks Corporation, Tesla, Inc., Amgen Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Eversource Energy, The Coca-Cola Company, and Expeditors International of Washington, Inc., Trans Digm Group Incorporated， Netflix, Inc., S&P Global Inc. I calculated their respective shares using the Markowitz model and bought and rebalanced, but unfortunately, my portfolio did not work as expected. The sector index fell by 4.87% in the week of the investment term, but my portfolio fell by 7.45% and performed poorly. Among them, the collapse of Tesla due to special events and my previous judgment of Tesla were greatly affected, and although its share price was only 9.94%, its share price fell by 33.74%. Although the late-stage rebalancing gave me hope for the better, the short investment horizon became a significant obstacle to the improvement of my portfolio.

Bрожайність ранньостиглих сортів картоплі за впливу природно-кліматичних умов західного лісостепу

Agriculture remains a key branch of the economy, ensuring food security and the production of important types of raw materials, but due to the fact that predictive assessments demonstrate the negative impact of climate change on the yield of agricultural crops, there is a need to modernize existing models of agricultural production and improve methods of managing agricultural systems with taking into account climate change. The issues of optimization of obtaining high productivity of potatoes, in certain regions, should first of all be aimed at the rational use of natural and climatic conditions of the year, with the aim of timely revision of the cultivation technology, which would correspond to the most complete realization of the agro-climatic potential of the research area, namely the Western Forest-Steppe. Solving this task depends on the degree of study of the interaction and interdependence of the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the processes of formation of yield and quality of potatoes. The results of the analysis of weather and climate conditions in the Western Forest-Steppe during 2010-2023 and their impact on the yield of early-ripening potato varieties are presented. It was investigated that the meteorological conditions in some years fluctuated sharply in comparison both to previous years and to the average long-term data. This is especially true about the total amount of precipitation and its distribution during the potato growing season, because with regard to the dynamics of the temperature regime, as already noted, a significant increase has been observed. Despite this during the potato growing season the temperature and water conditions provided favorable conditions for obtaining a high yield of early-ripening potato varieties. The presented results of the analysis of weather and climate conditions in the Western Forest-Steppe during 2010-2023 indicate a positive effect on the yield of potato varieties of the early-ripening group. It was established that the weather and climatic conditions of the research area favor the cultivation of potato varieties of the early-ripening group, and the yield compared to the standard variety increased by 0.9-5.2 t/ha. The conducted analysis makes it possible to select the most productive potato varieties of the early-ripening group, which are the most optimal for cultivation in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine as well as further study and improvement regarding the formation of their productivity

The impact of climate change on student psychological distress

Indonesia is now experiencing abnormal severe hot weather, where El-Nino causes the increasing temperature to be above the average. Although El Nino is a common phenomenon that occurs naturally, climate change factors exacerbate the adverse impact of El Nino on human life. Many studies have presented empirical evidence on how climate change significantly affects individuals’ mental health, distress, burnout, and other related psychological wellbeing. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between students’ psychological wellbeing and climate change, especially in Indonesia. This research aims to understand how environmental aspects can harm students’ psychological wellbeing, by measuring the correlation between climate change, mental health, and psychological distress. The variables that will be observed in this research are climate change exposure, pro-environmental behaviour, psychological distress, and positive mental health. Using the online survey method, the respondents of this research will be undergraduate students from many different universities in Indonesia. This research is expected to present the negative impact of climate change on positive mental health and psychological distress, which is moderated by environmental awareness.

The three eras of global inequality, 1820–2020 with the focus on the past thirty years

The paper reestimates global inequality between 1820 and 1980, reappraises the results up to 2013, and presents new inequality estimates for 2018. It shows that historically, global inequality has followed three eras: the first, from 1820 until 1950, characterized by rising income differences both between and within countries; the second, from 1950 to the last decade of the 20th century, with very high global and between-country inequality; and the current one of decreasing inequality thanks to the rise of Asian incomes, and especially so Chinese. The present era has seen the emergence of the global “median” class (people with per capita annual incomes ranging between $PPP 3,000 and $PPP 5,000) and the greatest reshuffling in income positions between the West and China since the Industrial Revolution. Absolute income differences in the past 30 years have however increased, and the income gap between the “core” and the poor “periphery” (if China is excluded) remains large: the ratio between median income in the core and periphery in 2018 exceeds 8 to 1 in PPP terms, and 22 to 1 in nominal dollars. The evolution of global inequality in the future will much more depend on what happens to the growth rates and inequality in India and large African countries than on China, as well as on the negative impact of climate change.

Trends and climate response in the yield of staple crops across Northeast China

Understanding how climate change has been affecting crop yield is a prerequisite to inform adaptation decisions and to ensure global food security. The Northeast China (NEC), located in high-latitude area, is significantly affected by climate change. There is a high demand for quantitative information on impacts of climate variability on crop yields in NEC. In this study, we applied panel regression models to explore the yield-climate relationship and its spatial variations based on experimentally observed yield (Ys) and the county-scale statistical yield (Yc) of three typical crops (e.g., maize, rice and soybean) across NEC from 1981 to 2010, as well as contemporary climate data. The results indicated that Ys (Yc) of maize, rice and soybean during the past three decades increased by 64.2% (82.0%), 47.5% (55.3%), and 59.2% (58.0%), respectively. Moreover, we found climate during crop growth period had changed significantly and the change had caused measurable impacts on crop yields. Changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation jointly decreased Ys (Yc) of maize and soybean by 1.3% (0.7%) and 0.3% (1.1%), respectively, however increased Ys (Yc) of rice by 1.2% (2.2%), with a large spatial difference. Therefore, the impact of climate change on yields of three crops was far less than the actual increase in crop yields. Our finding suggest that other factors, mainly improved management practices, may be the main reason for the significant increase in crop yields in NEC over the past few decades. Although historical climate change also played an important role in the yields of three crops, certain improvement in management measures not only compensated for the negative impact of climate change, but also greatly promoted the increase in crop yields. Therefore, in proposing strategies for crop production to cope with climate change, we need in-depth assessments of the role of improved management.

Non-local modelling of freezing and thawing of unsaturated soils

A large part of the earth’s surface is covered by seasonally or permanently frozen soils. Considering the negative impact of climate change, future development of such regions can be underpinned by mathematical methods for accurate analysis of heat and moisture transport in freezing and thawing soils. Reported in this paper is a novel non-local formulation of water and heat transport in unsaturated soils. The formulation uses bond-based peridynamics (PD) and consists of a set of integral–difference formulations of energy and mass conservation. Specific features of freezing/thawing soils are incorporated by a combination of van Genuthcen and Clausius–Clapeyron relations. Computational results are compared with four sets of laboratory experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of the developed approach. The model can be used to analyse the effect of water flow on heat transfer in soils during thawing of permafrost soils. Further, it can be applied in modelling climate change effects, and can be used for construction of coupled physically justified models of frost heave.

Mitigating climate impact through stabilized fertilizers: enhancing agricultural sustainability

The recognition by the global scientific community that anthropogenic activities are responsible for the negative impact of climate change has led to the emergence of numerous theses and projects aimed at mitigating humanity's adverse effects on the environment. The biosphere's inherent characteristic of movement plays a significant role in the dispersion of pollutants, rendering the notion of a national ecosystem obsolete. In light of this understanding, this project focuses on the reduction of negative climate factors through the application of stabilized fertilizers with controlled nutrient release. The primary objective is to minimize the detrimental consequences of human activities on the Earth by implementing sustainable strategies. Conventional fertilizers often result in rapid nutrient release, leading to inefficiencies and environmental repercussions. This approach optimizes nutrient utilization, mitigates nutrient losses through leaching and volatilization, and reduces environmental contamination. Slow-release fertilizers, coated products, and nutrient-specific delivery systems are potential avenues for achieving this goal. Furthermore, by reducing nutrient runoff, these fertilizers contribute to preserving water quality and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems.

기후변화시대 지역성장 기회요인의 사례분석과 시사점

Climate change has both a crisis and an opportunity factor. The financial damage in Korea caused by natural disaster for the last 10 years is estimated 3.7 trillion won, and especially 14 day long extreme precipitation in 2020 resulted in severe financial damage of 1.3 trillion won. This clearly shows the negative impact of climate change on our society. However, crises always bring another opportunity. The purpose of this study is to present policy implications through case analysis of opportunity factors for climate change, and this study has the characteristics of literature research. The major findings of the study are as follows; 1) the creation of complex sports and cultural spaces such as indoor domes, (2) the promotion of the 'Plant Factory Village Pilot Project', and (3) the discovery of industrial and business items through various idea contests on the theme of changes and opportunities in daily life due to climate change.

НАУКОВА СПАДЩИНА ВАСИЛЯ КАРАЗИНА ДЛЯ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ Й ЗМІЦНЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ (до 250-річчя від дня народження)

250 years have passed since the birth of Vasyl Karazin (1773-1842), but his scientific legacy retains its value and relevance for solving modern problems. Thus, in the context of the tasks of the post-war reconstruction of Ukrainian economy, his ideas are important, particularly those concerning the strengthening the national economy through the development and technological modernization of production, protecting the internal market and encouraging the industrial processing of agricultural raw materials, stimulating innovation and improving education for modernization and increasing the competitiveness of the economy, taking into account environmental parameters and focusing economic activity on reducing the negative impact of climate change. The following major areas of V. Karazin’s state and public activity are revealed: 1) development of the reforms of public administration, land ownership, and land use, the institutional support for freedom of economic activity and development of entrepreneurship, the means to strengthen the national monetary unit rate and stabilize money circulation; 2) substantiation of the importance of education, science, and innovative activities as drivers of economic development and social progress; development of the legislative and regulatory framework for the creation of a public education system and ensuring access to knowledge for all strata of society; initiation and organizational support for the creation of Kharkiv University as a center for training the national scientific and technical elite; 3) organization and popularization of experimental research activities for technological modernization of agricultural production, development of local industry, improvement of people’s welfare; founding of the Philotechnical Society; implementation of zero-waste production principles in agriculture based on his original experimental developments and the use of the latest technologies. It is argued that by developing economic policy measures aimed at the preservation, effective use, and augmentation of natural and economic potential, foreseeing the growing role of knowledge in social development, Vasyl Karazin became the harbinger of the human-centric economic paradigm. His innovative economic, scientific, educational, and public activities should serve as a beacon for the modern national elite of Ukraine.

Water productivity of barley crop under laser land leveling technique and minimum tillage

ABSTRACTLaser land leveling is an important method that helps to improve the spatial distribution of irrigation water and fertilizers applications, subsequently reduce water, nutrient, and energy inputs to agriculture and contributes to increasing productivity. Thus, the aim of the study was to improve the productivity of the barley crop grown in sandy lands under conditions of water scarcity and the negative impact of climate change in Egypt by using laser leveling and the minimum tillage method. Two experiments were conducted during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons at the Nubariya farm, Buhaira Governorate, Egypt to study the effects of laser leveling and minimum tillage (zero – tillage, 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) affecting the distribution of soil moisture, water stress, effectiveness of water application, yield characteristics, water productivity, and some quality parameters of the barley crop. The statistical analysis’ findings revealed a considerable influence of both laser soil leveling and minimum depth of plowing on productivity, water productivity and quality properties of barley crop. Laser leveling with a plowing depth of 10 cm gave the most favorable values of the soil moisture content at the root-zone as well as better grain yield and water productivity in addition to improve the quality properties of barley. The grain yield has improved by 12.65% and 10.41%, while water productivity has increased by 12.75% and 10.06% during the seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, respectively. This increase is likely the result of improving soil moisture distribution and increasing irrigation application efficiency, which resulted in less water stress in the root zone and subsequently increased yield, water productivity and quality properties of barley during the two growing seasons. Generally, the application of laser land leveling as eco-friendly practice will help in sustaining barley productivity in Egypt particularly in the sandy soil regions. According to this study, laser-assisted precision field leveling has the potential to improve grain yield and crop establishment, water productivity and barley quality properties in addition to achievement of the highest net income for farmers.

Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality

Limiting the negative impact of climate change on nature and humans is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Meanwhile, people in modern society spend most of the day indoors. It is therefore surprising that comparatively little attention has been paid to indoor human exposure in relation to climate change. Heat action plans have now been designed in many regions to protect people from thermal stress in their private homes and in public buildings. However, in order to be able to plan effectively for the future, reliable information is required about the long-term effects of climate change on indoor air quality and climate.The Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model is an expediant tool for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. The model follows a holistic approach in which building physics, emissions, chemical reactions, mold growth and exposure are combined with the fundamental parameters of temperature and humidity. The features of the model have already been presented in an earlier publication, and it is now used for the expected climatic conditions in Central Europe, taking into account various shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios up to the year 2100.For the test house examined in this study, the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air will continue to rise. At the same time, the risk of mold growth also increases (the mold index rose from 0 to 4 in the worst case for very sensitive material). The biggest problem, however, is protection against heat and humidity. Massive structural improvements are needed here, including insulation, ventilation, and direct sun protection. Otherwise, the occupants will be exposed to increasing thermal discomfort, which can also lead to severe heat stress indoors.

Economics Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture GDP in Bhutan: Empirical Evidence from ARDL Approach

This paper examines the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Bhutan. It focuses on the significance of the agriculture sector in Bhutan and analyzes the economic effects of climate change using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The dependent variable used in the ARDL model is agriculture GDP, while the independent variables are temperature and rainfall. The ARDL model is employed to assess the short-run and long-run economic impacts of climate change on agriculture. The results of the study indicate that the agriculture sector has consistently contributed the highest GDP from 2009 to 2020 in Bhutan. Additionally, it has provided the most significant employment opportunities compared to other sectors between 2009 and 2019. The ARDL model results demonstrate that in the short run, the coefficient for temperature is positive at 0.16, and the coefficient for rainfall is 0.5, indicating that climate change has a positive impact on agriculture GDP. However, in the long run, the ARDL model reveals a negative impact of climate change on agriculture GDP. The coefficient for temperature is -11.2, and for rainfall, it is -1.13. These findings underscore the urgent need for measures to address the challenges posed by climate change. The paper recommends raising awareness about climate-smart initiatives and programs among stakeholders. Additionally, training and the adoption of climate-resilient seeds and techniques are necessary to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on the agriculture sector.

Impacts of climate change on semi-natural alpine pastures productivity and floristic composition

Climate change impact on pasture floristic composition needs to be carefully assessed, given its key role for the resilience of pastoral systems and related ecosystem services. Nevertheless, variations in floristic composition are rarely taken into account in climate change impact studies. Here, we used the plant community model CoSMo to simulate future dynamics of biomass accumulation and floristic composition for high-altitude semi-natural alpine pastures. Dedicated multi-site field activities were conducted to collect data for model calibration. Simulations were run for four 20-year climate scenarios centered on 2040, resulting from the combination of two general circulation models (GISS-ES and HadGEM2) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results highlighted the capability of CoSMo to successfully reproduce the productivity and floristic composition of semi-natural pastures, modeling efficiency and R2 being higher than 0.90 for aboveground biomass accumulation and relative abundance of species. CoSMo simulated an overall positive effect of increasing temperatures on pasture productivity (+ 10.7% on average), due to higher biomass accumulation rates and longer growing seasons. However, these benefits were highly heterogeneous among the monitored pastures (ranging from − 2.5 to + 16.2%), because of differences in floristic composition and in species-specific thermal requirements that led to complex, non-linear reactions to climate variations. A negative impact of climate change was simulated for grazing value (− 11.1% on average), due to the higher suitability to future conditions of Nardus stricta, which has low grazing value compared to other species. Our results highlight that floristic composition should be explicitly considered while assessing climate change impacts on semi-natural pasture productivity and connected ecosystem services.

Impact of Agricultural Drought on Barley and Wheat Yield: A Comparative Case Study of Spain and Germany

Given the growing interest in drought impacts on crops, this work studied the impact of agricultural drought on wheat and barley during the period 2001–2020. The study was carried out in the Spanish regions of Castilla y León and Castilla–La Mancha, with approximate areas of 94,000 km2 and 79,000 km2, respectively, and in the German regions of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen and Bayern, with approximate areas of 34,000 km2, 48,000 km2 and 71,000 km2, respectively. These are the main cereal-growing regions of Spain and Germany. Soil moisture (SM) in the root zone was extracted from the LISFLOOD model database, and SM anomalies were used as the agricultural drought index. Gross primary productivity (GPP) and leaf area index (LAI) variables were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the month in which SM is most influential on these crop state variables was identified. Crop yields in Spain and Germany were obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the German Federal Statistical Office, respectively. Agricultural drought years and their impact on cereal yields were determined on a regional scale using three approaches based on the critical month with different time periods. These approaches were the use of the critical month and the two (before or after) and the three months (before and after) around the critical month. Two different analyses were used to identify the critical month, depending on the different environmental conditions in each country. These two approaches consisted of a monthly correlation analysis between SM anomalies and cereal yield in Spain and a monthly trend analysis of SM anomalies in Germany. The results showed a dependence of crop variables on SM in spring months in both countries and in summer months in Germany. Differences were found depending on the environmental conditions. A considerable reduction in cereal yields was obtained in Spain which exceeded 30%. Similarly, a worrying sign was observed in Germany, with a positive agricultural drought trend and a yield reduction of almost 5% in cereal crops. In view of future forecasts of the negative impact of climate change on global food production, this study provides valuable information for water and agricultural management under climate change scenarios. Both in regions that are already threatened and in those that until recently were not affected, it is necessary to study adaptation measures to avoid aggravating the impact of agricultural drought on crops, which could improve water productivity and future food security.

On the Health Impacts of Climatic Shocks: How Heatwaves Reduce Birthweight in Sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractHeatwaves are among the most important global public health challenges of our time. Yet we know little about how exposure to heatwaves (as opposed to hot days) affects health at birth, which is a key contributor to health, development, and well‐being in later life. This study addresses this shortcoming by investigating the relationship between in utero exposure to heatwave and birthweight by assessing both the timing and mechanisms of heatwave effects. I use novel georeferenced survey data on birth and pregnancy outcomes from the latest round of the Demographic and Health Surveys to link the birth outcomes of 64,210 infants across 11 sub‐Saharan African countries with high‐resolution daily climate data. I find that infants exposed to heatwave in the third trimester of gestation had significantly lower birthweight and that this effect is mediated by reduced gestational age at birth instead of reduced intrauterine growth. The effect of heatwave is concentrated among male babies and mothers with no or little formal education. By highlighting how exposure to environmental conditions early in life shapes health outcomes with far‐reaching consequences, the findings carry lessons for policymakers to protect pregnant women from heatwave exposure to mitigate the negative impact of climate change.

Analysis of the impacts of carbon dioxide emission on climate change

In recent years, the global excess carbon dioxide emission had caused severe climate change and increase in global temperature since the start of Industrial Revolution. To be specific, extreme weathers have been observed all over the world due to global warming. Therefore, it is of vital importance that the causes of excess carbon dioxide emission should be studied along with respective mitigating strategies. On this basis, this study aims to study and investigate the global history and causes of excess carbon dioxide emission, as well as the physical chemical mechanism of greenhouse effect. In detail, case analysis of excess carbon dioxide emission in China is provided with the relevant negative impact of climate change in China. According to the analysis, policies adopted by the Chinese government and their efficiencies and corresponding suggestions are also discussed in the meantime. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of carbon dioxide emission on climate change.

Comparison of the Direct Power Consumption for Different Linac Treatment Parameters in External Beam Radiation Therapy

The negative impact of climate change on the environment has led to increasing concern around the world. Relatively little is known about the contribution of radiation oncology systems to carbon emissions. This study measures the energy utilization of Linac-based EBRT for different treatment parameters and techniques, which was then converted to power use (kWh) and ultimately a carbon footprint of various photon treatment approaches. A Varian TrueBeam was evaluated. The direct power consumption was measured using a Fluke 1736 Power Logger, recorded in one-second intervals for one week. Different photon and electron beam energies, dose rates, treatment techniques (3D, IMRT, gated), and imaging types (kV, MV) were evaluated. Clinical treatment plans were reviewed, and average treatment times used to determine kWh. IRB approval was obtained. The Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator was used to determine kg of CO2. Power draw for 6 MV, 10 MV, and 18 MV at a rep rate of 600 MU/min was 31.6, 32.0, and 27.5 kW, respectively. The power draw for end of range dose rates for 6 MV (60, 600), 6 FFF (400, 1400), 10 FFF (400, 2400), and 6 MeV (100, 1000) were (22.2, 31.6 kW), (23.7, 31.6 kW), (19.6, 32.1 kW), and (22.6, 23.6 kW), respectively. 6 MV open 2D fields, modulated IMRT fields, and gated/beam hold fields had similar power draw at 31.6, 31.7, and 31.9 kW, respectively. Portal MV imaging with 2.5 MV beam was 32.5 kW, while CBCT and kV/kV imaging was ∼11 kW and not distinguishable from baseline power fluctuations. A total of 191 delivered treatment plans were reviewed. Electron plans (n = 8) treatment time was on average 29 sec (16 sec STDEV) per fraction and 635 sec (185 sec STDEV) per course, 2D/3D plans (n = 63) were 77 sec (32 sec STDEV) and 1004 sec (1002 sec STDEV), and IMRT plans (n = 120) were 182 sec (60 sec STDEV) and 5351 sec (2401 sec STDEV), respectively. The kWh per treatment for electron, 2D/3D, and IMRT plans were 0.19, 0.68, and 1.6 kWh, respectively. The CO2 equivalent for electrons, 2D/3D, and IMRT techniques are 0.08, 0.29, and 0.7 kg. There was some variability in the power draw for different energies and different dose rates but was relatively stable around 32 kW. Power consumption for clinical therapy is a result of kW power draw multiplied by duration of beam delivery, which for our patients varied significantly as a function of technique and number of fractions delivered. Reduction in radiation oncology carbon footprint will likely be driven more by number of fractions and type of treatment technique, and length of patient commute, rather than beam energy and dose rate selection.

Do coastal communities in small islands value marine resources through marine protected areas?: Evidence from Kei Islands Indonesia with choice modelling

The pressure on the coastal region in either a developing or developing country is relatively similar, where climate change, preserving marine resources in the surrounding area, the rapid development of infrastructure in the region, and boosting the economy are the main topics. The differences are in the resources needed to deal with those problems. For remote areas such as the small islands region in an emerging developed country like Indonesia, the challenge is way more complicated than in the metropolitan region. The effort must come from the coastal communities in the region to initiate the movement to maintain the marine resources in the region; by doing so, it can generate more sustainable income and prepare the area for the negative impact of climate change. Thus, the study aimed to measure the value of protecting the surrounding marine area to increase resilience against climate change and preserve marine resources by coastal communities in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. We utilize choice modelling (CM) to measure the perception of coastal communities toward proposed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Data collected with choice cards and a questionnaire to check and tabulate the answer with a total of 655 respondents, three choices, and four levels of choices resulted in 26,975 datasets. The study found that most coastal communities support the idea of protecting marine resources, and the CM result showed that coastal protection is the main trigger for communities to implement MPA in the region. The result showed the importance of climate change in coastal regions.

Feasibility Analysis of the UN Security Council's Involvement in Climate Change Issues: Using Climate Refugees as An Entry Point

In view of the increasingly severe negative impact of climate change on mankind, and given the current limited international intervention in this issue, the intervention of the UN Security Council should be sought. This paper takes the issue of climate refugees as a starting point. It proposes a strict limitation on the definition of climate refugees to help identify climate refugees more scientifically and accurately in reality. Given the difficulty of forming an effective protection system for climate refugees under the international framework, the need for the Security Council to intervene has increased significantly. Moreover, given the potential threat of climate refugees to global security, and considering that there is already a similar precedent, the Security Council should, by Article 41 of the UN Charter, adopt a resolution requesting all countries to take practical measures to mitigate the effects of climate change to reduce the generation of climate refugees and deploy response plans in advance for possible future climate refugees

Examining the Effectiveness of Aerial Firefighting with the Components of Firebreak Requirements and Footprint Geometry—Critics of the Present Practice

The negative impact of climate change is increasingly evident in the severity of forest fires. Fires are becoming more intense and can often only be controlled by aerial means. Aerial firefighting is known as a very effective method—in some cases, it is the only option—of suppressing fire, but it is a very expensive solution. Recently, the effectiveness of this method has received a lot of criticism, with some studies showing a loss of between 60 and 95%, so it is worth approaching this issue in a different way. The aim of this study is to estimate losses using a new method that has not been used before. For this purpose, this study focuses on two components: the requirements of the firebreak and the geometry of the footprint. For the first, the rules of thumb of the practice were applied depending on the fireline intensity. One is the required coverage level of the surface with suppressant, and the other is the required wetted bandwidth, which is the firebreak. In practice, the firebreak should be 2–2.5 times wider than the length of the flame. For the footprint geometry, the author used the results of previous studies dealing with footprint formation. At the end, the design of the required firebreak and the simplified design of the footprint, which is an ellipsoid, were compared to each other. The results show that, in the case of a fireline intensity of 3 MWm−1 and a coverage level of 2.4 kgm−2, the loss is approximately 36.4–44.6% for the ellipsoidal footprint alone and 86–87.8% for the total amount of extinguishing agent. The conclusion is that future work should focus not on a more accurate description and understanding of emissions but on developing a technology that can change the shape of the footprint from an elliptical to a rectangular shape.